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Category: LPsection

Production II

This second Learning Path on production will draw on the basics we saw in Production I and add several extra factors to our analysis. We will basically introduce three new parameters to our possibilities: we will add a time frame and see how this shapes our choices, we will introduce the ability to produce more than one good or service, and we will also take a first look at prices, production costs and competition as a whole market dynamic. Under perfect competition, prices are determined by mar...
This second Learning Path on production will draw on the basics we saw in Production I and add several extra factors to our analysis. We will basically introduce three new parameters to our possibilit...

Production I

In this first LP on production, we will examine the decisions that lead to optimal levels of production. This is crucial, as it mirrors the same decisions that we saw consumers making: assigning our limited (and expensive!) resources in the best way possible in order to maintain optimal levels of production. This will ultimately lead us to the same dual problem: whether to minimise costs assuming an optimal, fixed level of production, or whether to hedge our bets and maximise production whilst f...
In this first LP on production, we will examine the decisions that lead to optimal levels of production. This is crucial, as it mirrors the same decisions that we saw consumers making: assigning our l...

Consumption II

This Learning Path is a bit more of a mixed bag than the previous one, finishing off our consumer choice problem, looking at the some useful implications of this in demand theory before moving on to other types of demand theories. We first pick up where we left off in our previous LP and turn the tables on our consumer choice problem in: Consumption duality II: Cost minimisation, the mirror image of utility maximisation, Consumption duality, looking at both problems together before going on to.....
This Learning Path is a bit more of a mixed bag than the previous one, finishing off our consumer choice problem, looking at the some useful implications of this in demand theory before moving on to o...

Consumption I

In this Learning Path, the first one about microeconomics, we will look at consumer behaviour from a theoretical perspective, trying to solve the basic problem we all face every day: how to get as much of what we want or need without blowing our budget. Since the main tools needed in order to understand consumer theory are quite a few, we present them in two LPs. The contents of this first half are: The basics: Preferences, which govern what we choose, and then move onto Goods, which we blow our...
In this Learning Path, the first one about microeconomics, we will look at consumer behaviour from a theoretical perspective, trying to solve the basic problem we all face every day: how to get as muc...

Exchange rate regimes

Exchange rates can be understood as the price of one currency in terms of another currency. However, just like for goods and services, we must take into account what determines that price, since governments can influence it, and even fix it. Exchange rate regimes (or systems) are the frame under which that price is determined. From a purely floating exchange rate, to a central bank determined fixed exchange rate, this Learning Path explains the basics of each of these regimes. We'll start by lea...
Exchange rates can be understood as the price of one currency in terms of another currency. However, just like for goods and services, we must take into account what determines that price, since gover...

Exchange rate regimes: Definition

An exchange rate regime is the system that a country’s monetary authority, -generally the central bank-, adopts to establish the exchange rate of its own currency against other currencies. Each country is free to adopt the exchange-rate regime that it considers optimal, and will do so using mostly monetary and sometimes even fiscal policies. The distinction amongst these exchange rates regimes is generally just made between fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes, but we find there are many oth...
An exchange rate regime is the system that a country’s monetary authority, -generally the central bank-, adopts to establish the exchange rate of its own currency against other currencies. Each countr...

Exchange rate regimes: Flexible exchange rate

Flexible exchange rates can be defined as exchange rates determined by global supply and demand of currency. In other words, they are prices of foreign exchange determined by the market, that can rapidly change due to supply and demand, and are not pegged nor controlled by central banks. The opposite scenario, where central banks intervene in the market with purchases and sales of foreign and domestic currency in order to keep the exchange rate within limits, also known as bands, is called fixed...
Flexible exchange rates can be defined as exchange rates determined by global supply and demand of currency. In other words, they are prices of foreign exchange determined by the market, that can rapi...

Exchange rate regimes: Free float

A free floating exchange rate, sometimes referred to as clean or pure float, is a flexible exchange rate system solely determined by market forces of demand and supply of foreign and domestic currency, and where government intervention is totally inexistent. Clean floats are a result of laissez-faire or free market economics. Clean float is, theoretically, the best way to go. It allows countries to retain their monetary independence, which basically means they can focus on the internal aspects o...
A free floating exchange rate, sometimes referred to as clean or pure float, is a flexible exchange rate system solely determined by market forces of demand and supply of foreign and domestic currency...

Exchange rate regimes: Managed float

A managed or dirty float is a flexible exchange rate system in which the government or the country’s central bank may occasionally intervene in order to direct the country’s currency value into a certain direction. This is generally done in order to act as a buffer against economic shocks and hence soften its effect in the economy. A managed float is halfway between a fixed exchange rate and a flexible one as a country can obtain the benefits of a free floating system but still has the option to...
A managed or dirty float is a flexible exchange rate system in which the government or the country’s central bank may occasionally intervene in order to direct the country’s currency value into a cert...

Exchange rate regimes: Crawling peg

A crawling peg is an exchange rate system mainly defined by two characteristics: a fixed par value of the currency which is frequently revised and adjusted due to market factors such as inflation; and a band of rates within which it is allowed to fluctuate. As the IMF puts it, in crawling pegs “the currency is adjusted periodically in small amounts at a fixed rate or in response to changes in selective quantitative indicators, such as past inflation differentials vis-à-vis major trading partners...
A crawling peg is an exchange rate system mainly defined by two characteristics: a fixed par value of the currency which is frequently revised and adjusted due to market factors such as inflation; and...
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